Peak Hour 4 1 99

ITunes:: or download: Music, Dire. Kilowatt-hours kWh or megawatt-hours MWh). Storage duration. Is the amount of time storage can discharge at its power capacity before depleting its energy capacity. For example, a battery with 1 MW of power capacity and 4 MWh of usable energy capacity will have a storage duration of four hours. Cycle life/lifetime. Appendix B – Existing Conditions – AM Peak Hour - Northbound SR 99 and Westbound SR 120 HCS Freeway Mainline, On-Ramp Merge, Off-Ramp Diverge Analysis and Weaving Section Analysis; Appendix C – Existing Conditions – PM Peak Hour - Eastbound SR 120 and Southbound SR 99 HCS Freeway Mainline, On-Ramp Merge, Off-Ramp Diverge. Appendices Honda Center Enhancement Project Draft EIR City of Anaheim Appendix E Traffic Study. The mean peak THC concentrations were 94.3, 107.4, and 155.1 ng/ml after smoking single cigarettes of 1.32, 1.97, or 2.54% THC, respectively. Other reported peak THC concentrations ranged between 45.6 and 187.8 ng/ml following smoking of a cigarette containing 1% of THC 17 , and 33−118 ng/ml 3 min after ad libitum smoking of a cigarette.

• Peak Hour 4 1 99 Online
• Peak Hour 4 1 99 3
• Peak Hour 4 1 99 Youtube
• Wow Patch 4.1

Not sure how to get Netflix in 4K or not sure why you aren't getting Netflix shows in 4K even though you have the right hardware? There are a number of ways to stream Netflix in 4K, but you'll need to make sure you have the right equipment and service, first. There are also some problems you might need to fix to get it to work properly.

If your Netflix is streaming in poor quality, this article will help you troubleshoot the problem. Before you know it, you'll be back to streaming Bridgerton or The Queen's Gambit in 4K.

See more:

Go to the source

Your first step should be to check your Netflix plan and settings. Your plan most likely supports HD streaming, but some plans allow for streaming only in standard definition, and 4K UHD streaming is available only on the most expensive plan, so it's worth at least double-checking. If you aren't sure, we've got a breakdown of all the plans the streaming titan offers. You will need a Premium plan if you want to watch in 4K UHD, which currently costs $18 per month.

If you've got the right plan, next in the order of operations is to tweak Netflix's streaming options. Begin by opening your account, and under the Your Profile section, find the Playback Settings. Here, you will see four different options: Low, Medium, High, and Auto. It's probably obvious what those mean, but here's a detailed look at how each setting affects your picture quality (and, potentially, your data cap).

• Low: Streaming at this level will use about 0.3GB per hour. Streaming in low quality will force the content to play at standard definition. This is the best option for those with poor connections or those who are streaming with data limits.
• Medium: Medium-quality streaming will tick your data use up to around 0.7GB per hour. At this limit, you'll still be locked into standard definition.
• High: Streaming in high quality opens you up to HD and 4K UHD streams with the proper plan, but that also means your data usage could vary quite a bit. Depending on your network, you could be using 3GB per hour for basic 720p streaming or up to 7GB per hour for 4K Ultra HD streaming.
• Auto: As the name implies, this will let your streaming quality fluctuate with your current internet speeds and network connection to provide the most stable streaming experience. With that stability, however, comes a greater likelihood of drops in quality.

If you're streaming on any option other than High, you won't be getting HD or 4K UHD quality from Netflix. Be aware that any change to these settings can take up to eight hours to take effect, so if you switch and don't notice an immediate change in your picture fidelity, be patient. Again, higher streaming resolutions will burn through data like it's covered in kerosene, so be mindful of your usage if you have a data cap.

If you access your settings on a mobile device, you can also go into app settings and switch to Wi-Fi Only mode or Set Automatically, both of which can help you avoid going over your data limits when watching Netflix. If you're trying to stream Netflix in 4K with a 5G connection, this also applies.

Hardware requirements for high-quality streaming

Hardware is also an important part of watching high-quality Netflix, especially if you are aiming for UHD quality. You will need at least a 60Hz TV or monitor that is designed to handle 4K, and if you are streaming via an additional device, compatible cables are important, too. Here's an in-depth guide on everything you need and how to set up a TV for 4K.

Additionally, not all streaming devices support UHD or 4K streaming, and not all content is available in these qualities. HD should be fine, but if you're expecting the super high-quality stuff, you may be out of luck depending on the streaming platform you're using or the content you're trying to watch. Here's a guide to some of what you can watch in 4K and where. Check out our guide on what a Smart TV is, so you can get a TV with the right hardware built in.

Streaming 4K Devices:

Browser limits

Peak Hour 4 1 99 Online

Not all browsers were created equal, either, and that's especially true when it comes to streaming. While pretty much every popular internet browser is capable of streaming Netflix content in HD, just how HD it is will vary between browsers. Here's a simple look at what maximum resolution each browser is capable of on a computer:

• Google Chrome: Up to 720p (although you can get 1080p using Chrome OS)
• Firefox: Up to 720p
• Opera: Up to 720p
• Safari: Up to 4K (requires a select 2018 Mac or later with an Apple T2 Security Chip and MacOS 11.0 Big Sur or later)
• Microsoft Edge: Up to 4K (requires HDCP 2.2-compliant connection to a 4K display, with at least Intel's 7th-gen Core CPU, plus the latest version of Windows)

Internet quality for streaming HD/UHD

You might be paying for a fast internet connection, but that doesn't mean you necessarily have fast internet access. Follow our guide to see what kind of download speeds you're getting. If you get anything under 10Mbps and there is more than one device in your residence using the internet, you'll be hard-pressed to see a Full HD stream — and definitely not 4K UHD — from Netflix.

Not seeing a good number? There are several things you can do to make sure you're getting the speeds you should be, from picking the right internet plan to installing the right kind of router. We suggest checking our list of the best wireless routers to make sure you're getting the fastest connection possible on your network.

With your home's network in tip-top shape, you can rest easy knowing your internet pipes aren't the ones that are clogged. With that in mind, it's time to take a step back and consider whether the lines feeding your home are as open as they should be.

Is your ISP to blame?

After much pressure, Netflix started paying off a few ISPs, including Comcast and Suddenlink, for so-called 'fast lanes,' which are meant to ensure its video streams get to its customers using those ISPs more quickly and reliably.

If you're using an internet service provider that hasn't made some sort of arrangement with Netflix, be it a paid fast-lane agreement or through Netflix's Open Connect program, you could be doomed to poor Netflix picture quality — especially if you live in a large market with lots of internet users. You can consult the Netflix ISP speed website to get some idea of where Netflix stands in your ISP's graces. If it looks like your ISP ranks poorly, it's possible — though difficult to prove — that your ISP could be throttling you and all Netflix users on its network. If you suspect that might be the case, one way to hide what you're doing from your ISP is with a virtual private network (VPN). We have a guide to everything you need to know about VPNs that will likely come in handy here.

Check your watch

If you haven't noticed, Netflix will start playing a stream sooner than it can be played at its full quality, buffering for the full-resolution version along the way. Capture one pro 8 3 3 – raw workflow software. As soon as it is able to do so, the stream will be displayed at full resolution.

If bandwidth slows down, the video resolution will drop until the full-res stream is sufficiently buffered again. Ostensibly, Netflix does this to keep the load times short so you don't feel like it's taking forever to watch your show. This intelligent adjustment makes Netflix feel snappy, but at the wrong time of day, it can also make it look like garbage during the first few minutes of viewing.

As we experimented with Netflix quality over an entire day, we discovered that the biggest factor influencing stream quality is the time of day and whether that time falls under typical peak hours for watching. You'll want to keep peak hours (essentially prime time hours after 6 p.m.) in mind and adjust your expectations.

What else can I do?

If you're having trouble streaming Netflix and you know for sure that your home network is stable and your ISP offers good Netflix streaming speeds, call your ISP and report the issue. We recommend that you start the phone call out by telling them all the troubleshooting you have already done so that the agent doesn't make you repeat the same steps, which would be a waste of time for both of you. Then cross your fingers that they'll try to do something about it rather than pointing blame at Netflix.

Fortunately, this problem is far less common than it used to be. Still, there are many users whose shoddy ISP service limits how they can upgrade their streaming experience. If this is the case for you, the only thing you can really do is cancel your subscription and let Netflix know that you're not willing to pay for a lousy streaming experience, no matter where you live.

Remember that you may not be 100% in control of your streaming quality because Netflix has the power and discretion to diminish streaming quality in certain regions. While rare, this happened in Europe for 30 days in early 2020 due to bandwidth concerns.

Editors' Recommendations

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectricenergy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the pumping process make the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest. If the upper lake collects significant rainfall or is fed by a river then the plant may be a net energy producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant.

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity allows energy from intermittent sources (such as solar, wind) and other renewables, or excess electricity from continuous base-load sources (such as coal or nuclear) to be saved for periods of higher demand.^[1][2] The reservoirs used with pumped storage are quite small when compared to conventional hydroelectric dams of similar power capacity, and generating periods are often less than half a day.

Pumped storage is by far the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage available, and, as of 2020, the United States Department of Energy Global Energy Storage Database reports that PSH accounts for around 95% of all active tracked storage installations worldwide, with a total installed throughput capacity of over 181 GW, of which about 29 GW are in the United States, and a total installed storage capacity of over 1.6 TWh, of which about 250 GWh are in the United States.^[3] The round-tripenergy efficiency of PSH varies between 70%–80%,^[4][5][6][7] with some sources claiming up to 87%.^[8] The main disadvantage of PSH is the specialist nature of the site required, needing both geographical height and water availability. Suitable sites are therefore likely to be in hilly or mountainous regions, and potentially in areas of natural beauty, making PSH susceptible to social and ecological issues. Many recently proposed projects, at least in the U.S., avoid highly sensitive or scenic areas, and some propose to take advantage of 'brownfield' locations such as disused mines.^[9]

Overview[edit]

Basic principle[edit]

At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the upper reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine, generating electricity. Reversible turbine/generator assemblies act as a combined pump and turbine generator unit (usually a Francis turbine design).^[10] Variable speed operation further optimize the round trip efficiency in pumped hydro storage plants.^[11][12]In micro-PSH applications, a group of pumps and Pump As Turbine (PAT) could be implemented respectively for pumping and generating phases.^[13] The same pump could be used in both modes by changing rotational direction and speed:^[13] the operation point in pumping usually differs from the operation point in PAT mode.

Types: natural or man-made reservoirs[edit]

In open-loop systems, pure pumped-storage plants store water in an upper reservoir with no natural inflows, while pump-back plants utilize a combination of pumped storage and conventional hydroelectric plants with an upper reservoir that is replenished in part by natural inflows from a stream or river. Plants that do not use pumped-storage are referred to as conventional hydroelectric plants; conventional hydroelectric plants that have significant storage capacity may be able to play a similar role in the electrical grid as pumped storage by deferring output until needed.

Economic efficiency[edit]

Taking into account evaporation losses from the exposed water surface and conversion losses, energy recovery of 70–80% or more can be achieved.^[14] This technique is currently the most cost-effective means of storing large amounts of electrical energy, but capital costs and the presence of appropriate geography are critical decision factors in selecting pumped-storage plant sites.

The relatively low energy density of pumped storage systems requires either large flows and/or large differences in height between reservoirs. The only way to store a significant amount of energy is by having a large body of water located relatively near, but as high above as possible, a second body of water. In some places this occurs naturally, in others one or both bodies of water were man-made. Projects in which both reservoirs are artificial and in which no natural inflows are involved with either reservoir are referred to as 'closed loop' systems.^[15]

These systems may be economical because they flatten out load variations on the power grid, permitting thermal power stations such as coal-fired plants and nuclear power plants that provide base-load electricity to continue operating at peak efficiency, while reducing the need for 'peaking' power plants that use the same fuels as many base-load thermal plants, gas and oil, but have been designed for flexibility rather than maximal efficiency. Hence pumped storage systems are crucial when coordinating large groups of heterogeneous generators. Capital costs for pumped-storage plants are relatively high, although this is somewhat mitigated by their proven long service life of decades - and in some cases over a century,^[16][17] which is three to five times longer than utility-scale batteries. When Electricity prices become negative, pumped hydro operators may earn twice - when 'buying' the electricity to pump the water to the upper reservoir at negative spot prices and again when selling the electricity at a later time when prices are high.

Along with energy management, pumped storage systems help control electrical network frequency and provide reserve generation. Thermal plants are much less able to respond to sudden changes in electrical demand, potentially causing frequency and voltage instability. Pumped storage plants, like other hydroelectric plants, can respond to load changes within seconds.

The most important use for pumped storage has traditionally been to balance baseload powerplants, but may also be used to abate the fluctuating output of intermittent energy sources. Pumped storage provides a load at times of high electricity output and low electricity demand, enabling additional system peak capacity. In certain jurisdictions, electricity prices may be close to zero or occasionally negative on occasions that there is more electrical generation available than there is load available to absorb it; although at present this is rarely due to wind or solar power alone, increased wind and solar generation will increase the likelihood of such occurrences.^{[citation needed]} It is particularly likely that pumped storage will become especially important as a balance for very large scale photovoltaic generation.^[18] Increased long distance transmission capacity combined with significant amounts of energy storage will be a crucial part of regulating any large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable power sources.^[19] The high non-firm renewable electricity penetration in some regions supplies 40% of annual output, but 60% may be reached before additional storage is necessary.^[20][21][22]

Small-scale facilities[edit]

Smaller pumped storage plants cannot achieve the same economies of scale as larger ones, but some do exist, including a recent 13 MW project in Germany. Shell Energy has proposed a 5 MW project in Washington State. Some have proposed small pumped storage plants in buildings, although these are not yet economical.^[23] Also, it is difficult to fit large reservoirs into the urban landscape.^[23] Nevertheless, some authors defend the technological simplicity and security of water supply as important externalities.^[23]

History[edit]

The first use of pumped storage was in 1907 in Switzerland, at the Engeweiher pumped storage facility near Schaffhausen, Switzerland.^[24][25] In the 1930s reversible hydroelectric turbines became available. These turbines could operate as both turbine-generators and in reverse as electric motor driven pumps. The latest in large-scale engineering technology are variable speed machines for greater efficiency. These machines operate in synchronization with the network frequency when generating, but operate asynchronously (independent of the network frequency) when pumping.

The first use of pumped-storage in the United States was in 1930 by the Connecticut Electric and Power Company, using a large reservoir located near New Milford, Connecticut, pumping water from the Housatonic River to the storage reservoir 70 metres (230 ft) above.^[26]

Peak Hour 4 1 99 3

Worldwide use[edit]

Peak Hour 4 1 99 Youtube

In 2009, world pumped storage generating capacity was 104 GW,^[27] while other sources claim 127 GW, which comprises the vast majority of all types of utility grade electric storage.^[28] The EU had 38.3 GW net capacity (36.8% of world capacity) out of a total of 140 GW of hydropower and representing 5% of total net electrical capacity in the EU. Japan had 25.5 GW net capacity (24.5% of world capacity).^[27]

In 2010 the United States had 21.5 GW of pumped storage generating capacity (20.6% of world capacity).^[29] PSH generated (net) −5.501 GWh of energy in 2010 in the United States^[30] because more energy is consumed in pumping than is generated. Nameplate pumped storage capacity had grown to 21.6 GW by 2014, with pumped storage comprising 97% of grid-scale energy storage in the United States. As of late 2014, there were 51 active project proposals with a total of 39 GW of new nameplate capacity across all stages of the FERC licensing process for new pumped storage hydroelectric plants in the United States, but no new plants were currently under construction in the United States at the time.^[31][32]

The five largest operational pumped-storage plants are listed below (for a detailed list see List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations): Smart zipper pro 3 70 wide.

Australia[edit]

In June 2018 the Australian federal government announced that 14 sites had been identified in Tasmania for pumped storage hydro, with the potential of adding 4.8GW to the national grid if a second interconnector beneath Bass Strait was constructed.

Wow Patch 4.1

Approvals have been granted for the Snowy 2.0 project, which will link two existing dams in the New South Wales Snowy Mountains to provide 2,000 MW of capacity and 350,000 MWh of storage.^[45]

Pump-back hydroelectric dams[edit]

Conventional hydroelectric dams may also make use of pumped storage in a hybrid system that both generates power from water naturally flowing into the reservoir as well as storing water pumped back to the reservoir from below the dam. The Grand Coulee Dam in the United States was expanded with a pump-back system in 1973.^[46] Existing dams may be repowered with reversing turbines thereby extending the length of time the plant can operate at capacity. Optionally a pump back powerhouse such as the Russell Dam (1992) may be added to a dam for increased generating capacity. Making use of an existing dam's upper reservoir and transmission system can expedite projects and reduce costs.

In January 2019, the State Grid Corporation of China announced plans to invest US$5.7 billion in five pumped hydro storage plants with a total 6GW capacity, to be located in Hebei, Jilin, Zhejiang, Shandong provinces, and in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. China is seeking to build 40GW of pumped hydro capacity installed by 2020.^[47]

Potential technologies[edit]

Seawater[edit]

Pumped storage plants can operate with seawater, although there are additional challenges compared to using fresh water, such as saltwater corrosion and barnacle growth.^[48] Inaugurated in 1966, the 240 MW Rance tidal power station in France can partially work as a pumped-storage station. When high tides occur at off-peak hours, the turbines can be used to pump more seawater into the reservoir than the high tide would have naturally brought in. It is the only large-scale power plant of its kind.

In 1999, the 30 MW Yanbaru project in Okinawa was the first demonstration of seawater pumped storage. It has since been decommissioned. A 300 MW seawater-based Lanai Pumped Storage Project was considered for Lanai, Hawaii, and seawater-based projects have been proposed in Ireland.^[49] A pair of proposed projects in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile would use 600 MW of photovoltaic solar (Skies of Tarapacá) together with 300 MW of pumped storage (Mirror of Tarapacá) raising seawater 600 metres (2,000 ft) up a coastal cliff.^[50][51]

Underground reservoirs[edit]

The use of underground reservoirs has been investigated.^[52] Recent examples include the proposed Summit project in Norton, Ohio, the proposed Maysville project in Kentucky (underground limestone mine), and the Mount Hope project in New Jersey, which was to have used a former iron mine as the lower reservoir. The proposed energy storage at the Callio site in Pyhäjärvi (Finland) would utilize the deepest base metal mine in Europe, with 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) elevation difference.^[53] Several new underground pumped storage projects have been proposed. Cost-per-kilowatt estimates for these projects can be lower than for surface projects if they use existing underground mine space. There are limited opportunities involving suitable underground space, but the number of underground pumped storage opportunities may increase if abandoned coal mines prove suitable.^[54]

In Bendigo, Victoria, Australia, the Bendigo Sustainability Group has proposed the use of the old gold mines under Bendigo for Pumped Hydro Energy Storage.^[55] Bendigo has the greatest concentration of deep shaft hard rock mines anywhere in the world with over 5,000 shafts sunk under Bendigo in the second half of the 19th Century. The deepest shaft extends 1,406 metres vertically underground. A recent pre-feasibility study has shown the concept to be viable with a generation capacity of 30 MW and a run time of 6 hours using a water head of over 750 metres.

Decentralised systems[edit]

Small (or micro) applications for pumped-storage could be built on streams and within infrastructures, such as drinking water networks^[56] and artificial snow making infrastructures. In this regard, a storm-water basin has been concretely implemented as a cost-effective solution for a water reservoir in a micro pumped hydro energy storage.^[13] Such plants provide distributed energy storage and distributed flexible electricity production and can contribute to the decentralized integration of intermittent renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and solar power. Reservoirs that can be used for small pumped-storage hydropower plants could include^[57] natural or artificial lakes, reservoirs within other structures such as irrigation, or unused portions of mines or underground military installations. In Switzerland one study suggested that the total installed capacity of small pumped-storage hydropower plants in 2011 could be increased by 3 to 9 times by providing adequate policy instruments.^[57]

Underwater reservoirs[edit]

In March 2017 the research project StEnSea (Storing Energy at Sea) announced their successful completion of a four-week test of a pumped storage underwater reservoir. In this configuration a hollow sphere submerged and anchored at great depth acts as the lower reservoir, while the upper reservoir is the enclosing body of water. Electricity is created when water is let in via a reversible turbine integrated into the sphere. During off-peak hours the turbine changes direction and pumps the water out again, using 'surplus' electricity from the grid. The quantity of power created when water is let in grows proportionally to the height of the column of water above the sphere, in other words: the deeper the sphere is located, the more densely it can store energy.As such the energy storage capacity of the submerged reservoir is not governed by the gravitational energy in the traditional sense, but rather by the vertical pressure variation.

While StEnSea's test took place at a depth of 100 m in the fresh water Lake Constance, the technology is foreseen to be used in salt water at greater depths. Since the submerged reservoir needs only a connecting electrical cable, the depth at which it can be employed is limited only by the depth at which the turbine can function, currently limited to 700 m. The challenge of designing salt water pumped storage in this underwater configuration brings a range of advantages:

• No land area is required,
• No mechanical structure other than the electrical cable needs to span the distance of the potential energy difference,
• In the presence of sufficient seabed area multiple reservoirs can scale the storage capacity without limits,
• Should a reservoir collapse, the consequences would be limited apart from the loss of the reservoir itself,
• Evaporation from the upper reservoir has no effect on the energy conversion efficiency,
• Transmission of electricity between the reservoir and the grid can be established from a nearby offshore wind farm limiting transmission loss and obviating the need for onshore cabling permits.

A current commercial design featuring a sphere with an inner diameter of 30 m submerged to 700 m would correspond to a 20 MWh capacity which with a 5 MW turbine would lead to a 4-hour discharge time. An energy park with multiple such reservoirs would bring the storage cost to around a few eurocents per kWh with construction and equipment costs in the range €1,200-€1,400 per kW. To avoid excessive transmission cost and loss, the reservoirs should be placed off deep water coasts of densely populated areas, such as Norway, Spain, United States and Japan. With this limitation the concept would allow for worldwide electricity storage of close to 900 GWh.^[58][59]

For comparison, a traditional, gravity-based pumped storage capable of storing 20 MWh in a water reservoir the size of a 30 m sphere would need a hydraulic head of 519 m with the elevation spanned by a pressurized water pipe requiring typically a hill or mountain for support.

Home use[edit]

Using a pumped-storage system of cisterns and small generators, pico hydro may also be effective for 'closed loop' home energy generation systems.^[60][61]

Fracking[edit]

Using hydraulic fracturing pressure can be stored underground in strata such as shale. The shale used contains no hydrocarbons.^[62]

See also[edit]

• Energy portal
• Renewable energy portal
• Water portal

• Seawater Pumped Storage Okinawa, Japan - Yanbaru

References[edit]

1. ^http://poppware.de/Storage_for_a_secure_Power_Supply_from_Wind_and_Sun.pdf
2. ^Rehman, Shafiqur; Al-Hadhrami, Luai; Alam, Md (30 April 2015). 'Pumped hydro energy storage system: A technological review'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 44: 586–598. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.040 – via ResearchGate.
3. ^'DOE OE Global Energy Storage Database'. U.S. Department of Energy Energy Storage Systems Program. Sandia National Laboratories. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
4. ^'Energy storage - Packing some power'. The Economist. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
5. ^Jacob, Thierry.Pumped storage in Switzerland - an outlook beyond 2000Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback MachineStucky. Accessed: 13 February 2012.
6. ^Levine, Jonah G. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage and Spatial Diversity of Wind Resources as Methods of Improving Utilization of Renewable Energy SourcesArchived 1 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine page 6, University of Colorado, December 2007. Accessed: 12 February 2012.
7. ^Yang, Chi-Jen. Pumped Hydroelectric StorageDuke University. Accessed: 12 February 2012.
8. ^'Energy Storage'. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
9. ^European Renewable Energy Network p. 188
10. ^'Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage'(PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2020.
11. ^'Variable Speed Is Key To World's Biggest Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Project, China's Fengning Plant'. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
12. ^Joseph, Anto; Chelliah, Thanga; Lee, Sze; Lee, Kyo-Beum (2018). 'Reliability of Variable Speed Pumped-Storage Plant'. Electronics. 7 (10): 265. doi:10.3390/electronics7100265.
13. ^ ^abcMorabito, Alessandro; Hendrick, Patrick (7 October 2019). 'Pump as turbine applied to micro energy storage and smart water grids: A case study'. Applied Energy. 241: 567–579. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.018.
14. ^'Pumped Hydroelectric Storage | Energy Storage Association'. energystorage.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
15. ^'FERC: Hydropower - Pumped Storage Projects'. www.ferc.gov. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
16. ^'Pumping power: Pumped storage stations around the world'. 30 December 2020.
17. ^'Erneuter Abschreiber beim Pumpspeicher Engeweiher'.
18. ^Summary Energy from the Desert - Practical Proposals for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS-PV) SystemsArchived 2007-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
19. ^http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67240.pdf
20. ^'German grid operator sees 70% wind + solar before storage needed'. Renew Economy. 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2017. Schucht says, in the region he is operating in, 42 percent of the power supply (in output, not capacity), came from wind and solar – about the same as South Australia. Schucht believes that integration of 60 to 70 percent variable renewable energy – just wind and solar – could be accommodated within the German market without the need for additional storage. Beyond that, storage will be needed.
21. ^Dehmer, Dagmar (8 June 2016). 'German electricity transmission CEO: '80% renewables is no problem''. Der Tagesspiegel / EurActiv.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017. There are a certain number of myths in the energy industry. One of them is that we need more flexibility in the system to integrate renewables, like energy storage, interruptible loads or backup power plants. That's a myth. We are well on track to having a system that can accommodate between 70-80% renewable energy without the need for more flexibility options.
22. ^'New record-breaking year for Danish wind power'. Energinet.dk. 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
23. ^ ^abcde Oliveira e Silva, Guilherme; Hendrick, Patrick (1 October 2016). 'Pumped hydro energy storage in buildings'. Applied Energy. 179: 1242–1250. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.046.
24. ^'Another write-off at the Engeweiher pumped storage facility' Jung, Daniel, June 2017
25. ^'Institution of Civil Engineers.' Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), April 1990, p. 1
26. ^'A Ten-Mile Storage Battery.'Popular Science, July 1930, p. 60.
27. ^ ^ab'International Energy Statistics'. www.eia.gov.
28. ^Rastler et al. Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs, and Benefits.Archived 2011-08-17 at the Wayback Machine (Free download) EPRI, Palo Alto, Calif., 2010. Accessed: 30 September 2011. Mirror
29. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
30. ^http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/pdf/chap1.pdf Table 1.1
31. ^'2014 Hydropower Market Report Highlights'(PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
32. ^'2014 Hydropower Market Report'(PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
33. ^Bath County Pumped-storage Station, archived from the original on 3 January 2012, retrieved 30 December 2011
34. ^Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in China, archived from the original on 8 December 2012, retrieved 25 June 2010
35. ^Guangzhou Pumped-storage Power Station(PDF), archived from the original(PDF) on 7 July 2011, retrieved 25 June 2010
36. ^List of pumped-storage power plants in China 1 (Mandarin)Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
37. ^List of pumped-storage power plants in China 2 (Mandarin)Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
38. ^List of pumped-storage power plants in China 3 (Mandarin)Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
39. ^Huizhou Pumped-storage Power Station, retrieved 25 June 2010^{[permanent dead link]}
40. ^'2003-2004 Electricity Review in Japan'(PDF). Japan Nuclear. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
41. ^Dniester Pumped Storage Plant, Ukraine, archived from the original on 21 October 2007, retrieved 1 September 2010
42. ^Tymoshenko launches the first unit of Dnister Hydroelectric Power Plant, archived from the original on 11 July 2011, retrieved 1 September 2010
43. ^'Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030]'. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. 2017. p. 30. Archived from the original(PDF) on 31 August 2018.
44. ^'Electricity – installed generating capacity - the World Factbook'.
45. ^'How could pumped hydro energy storage power our future? - ARENAWIRE'. Australian Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
46. ^Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia p. 424
47. ^Shen, Feifei (9 January 2019). 'China's State Grid to Spend $5.7 Billion on Pumped Hydro Plants'. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
48. ^Richard A. Dunlap (5 February 2020). Renewable Energy: Combined Edition. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. ISBN978-1-68173-600-6. WikidataQ107212803.
49. ^'Massive Energy Storage, Courtesy of West Ireland'. sciencemag.org. 18 February 2012.
50. ^'Project Espejo de Tarapacá'. Valhalla. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
51. ^'The Mirror of Tarapaca: Chilean power project harnesses both sun and sea'. 4 May 2016.
52. ^Pummer, Elena (2016). Hybrid Modelling of the Hydrodynamic Processes in Underground Pumped Storage Plants(PDF). Aachen, Germany: RWTH Aachen University.
53. ^'Energy storage'. Callio Pyhäjärvi. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
54. ^'German Coal Mine to Be Reborn as Giant Pumped Storage Hydro Facility'. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
55. ^Smith, Trevor. 'Bendigo Mines Pumped Hydro Project'. Bendigo Sustainability Group. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
56. ^'Senator Wash'. www.iid.com. Imperial Irrigation District. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
57. ^ ^abCrettenand, N. (2012) 'The facilitation of mini and small hydropower in Switzerland: shaping the institutional framework. With a particular focus on storage and pumped-storage schemes'. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). PhD Thesis N° 5356. http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/176337?ln=en
58. ^'Storing energy at sea'. forschung-energiespeicher.info. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
59. ^'Unterwasser-Pumpspeicherkraftwerk erfolgreich getestet' [Underwater Pumped Storage Powerplant successfully tested]. Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (in German). 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
60. ^'Is energy storage via pumped hydro systems is possible on a very small scale?'. Science Daily. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
61. ^Root, Ben (December 2012 – January 2012). 'Microhydro Myths & Misconceptions'. 146. Home Power. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
62. ^Russell Gold (21 September 2021). 'Fracking Has a Bad Rep, but Its Tech Is Powering a Clean Energy Shift Texas start-ups are harnessing know-how born of the shale boom in pursuit of a greener future'. Texas Monthly. Retrieved 23 September 2021.

External links[edit]

• Pumped-storage hydroelectricity at Curlie